The Origin of the Boxers Boxers was the name given by foreigners to a Chinese Secret Society called ‘I-ho-Chuan’ means ‘Righteous Harmonious Fists’. It was an offshoot of the ‘Eight Diagram Society’. Their programme was the practice of magic arts by which they claimed immunity to bullets. They used charms, incantations and rituals to invoke […]
Read More »After the failure of the Hundred Days of Reform, there was a violent reaction in China against foreigners. The reaction took the form of an uprising known as the Boxer Uprising. It was an effort to drive the foreigners out of the country. The defeat of China in war and the consequent humiliation, the haughtiness […]
Read More »The important characteristics of the revolution lay in the fact that it was anti-Manchu, anti-traditional and anti-foreign with a strong dose of nationalistic ferment. The Revolution of 1911 brought the Manchu rule in China to an end. Obviously the dynasty had lost its moral basis to rule China. It was but inevitable that an incompetent, […]
Read More »Economic domination of the West The country was partitioned into so many spheres of influence by the Western powers. In their respective spheres of influence each of the powers opened mines, constructed railways, etc., and started exploiting the region as if were a colony. This economic domination of the West resulted in the impoverishment of […]
Read More »6. Modern communication system and press The improved means, communication, the extended posts, telegraphs and railways helped the rapid spread of revolutionary ideas throughout the empire. Added to this was the Chinese vernacular press which now included a number of reformist and revolutionary papers, carrying the new ferment far and wide. 7. Indifference of provincial […]
Read More »By 1911, the Manchu dynasty had ruled China for two hundred and sixty seven years. While the dynasty displaced dynamism and vigour during a greater part of its life, it became comparatively weak and inefficient in its closing phase. By the middle of the 19th century, the Manchus had to face several problem. There was […]
Read More »Tenure of office act and the military reconstruction act In December 1866, congress took immediate steps to secure supremacy of congress legislature in the government and reduce the president to a position of figure head. The tenure of office act was passed by which the congress attempted to restrict the president’s power to remove federal […]
Read More »The Civil rights Bill The congress was not able to override the veto by Johnson and it immediately put forth “Civil rights bill” by which Full rights to Negros were given. All cases under the act were declared within the jurisdiction of federal courts. Equality of treatment before the law. The moderated in the congress […]
Read More »Congressional plan of Reconstruction It was not product of one act or session but many and a longer period of time. Black Codes: Enacted in 1865 to ensure white supremacy. It conferred some rights of citizenship upon Negros. They were not to testify in case of white persons. Not to bear arms. Not to serve […]
Read More »Johnson’s Plan of Reconstruction Johnson retained Lincoln’s cabinet. He carried out Lincoln program who gave his approval to governments in Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana and Virginia. He issued an amnesty proclamation similar to Lincoln’s. His amnesty was not extended to property at $20, 0000 and several groups Lincoln had included. By successive proclamations, he set up […]
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